Asthma is a condition characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways of the lungs. This inflammation not only causes the swelling of the walls of the airway but also makes the airway hypersensitive to the external stimuli like pollens, dust and pet dander. When these allergens come into contact with inflamed walls the, muscles around the airways contract further reducing the circumference of the lumen. This narrowing impedes the flow of air and breathing becomes laborious.
Types of asthma
Although the line between the types are blurred, asthma is broadly classified as
1. Allergic or extrinsic asthma-Allergic asthma which usually starts at childhood, accounts for 90% of all asthma's. Here the attack is triggered by a external allergen like pollen, pet dander, smoke and chemical irritants. Certain food items like fish and peanuts may also trigger a attack.
2. Non allergic or intrinsic asthma-Non allergic asthma first manifests itself after thirty years of age and no specific cause can be detected. This type is not easily amenable to treatment and is present round the year.
symptoms and signs
The symptoms of asthma include shortness of breath, wheezing, cough and tightening of the chest. The symptoms ranges from minor to severe. The frequency of attack and duration of attack varies widely among individuals and between different episodes. Unlike emphysema and chronic bronchitics, asthmatics are usually symptom free between the attacks.
Diagnosis
Careful history and physical examination are the cornerstones in the diagnosis of Asthma. Objective support to the diagnosis is through spirometry or peak expiratory flow measurement.
Treatment
The goal of the treatment is to allow the sufferer to lead a normal a life.. A variety of drugs, mostly inhalers are available for the treatment and prevention of attacks. Treatment is usually starter with inhaled short acting beta agonist. as required. The next step is to use inhaled steroids regularly and if not controlled long lasting beta agonist s and later oral steroids may be used. The important thing is to follow the physicians order and regular follow up.
STATUS ASTHMATICUS
Status asthmaticus is a medical emergency in which there is acute exacerbation of asthma and there is no response to conventional therapy with inhaled steroids and bronchodialators. It is treated with a variety of inhaled and intravenous drugs. Mechanical ventilation may be needed. If not treated promptly this condition can be life threatening.
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